


Clifford, 1994, Using dynamic time warping to find patterns in time series: Presented at KDD-94: AAAI-94 Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases, 359–370. Newrick, 2008, Strange but true stories of synthetic seismograms: CSEG Recorder, 12, no. 12, 51–56. ISIJBC 0020-0255 Crossref Web of Science Google Scholar Yet, we advise against unsupervised applications because the method is intended as a guide instead of a fully automated blind approach.
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Results compared well with the manual method, leading to ties along the entire trace length in contrast to the shorter analysis window in the conventional method. The constraint ensured that stretching and squeezing were kept within reasonable bounds, as determined by the interpreter. The method automatically determined the appropriate amount of local stretching and squeezing to produce the highest correlation between the original data and the created synthetic trace. We replaced the last step with a constrained dynamic time-warping technique, to help guide the interpreter.

The last step resembles a visual pattern recognition task, which often requires some experience. In the manual procedure, the interpreter first creates a synthetic trace from edited well logs, determines the most appropriate bulk time shift and polarity, and then applies a minimum amount of stretching and squeezing to best match the observed data. We evaluated a semiautomatic method for well-to-seismic tying to improve correlation results and reproducibility of the procedure.
